Group+15+Experiment+-+Microbiology

Background info:
Bacteria is present all around us. These prokaryotic organisms exists in the form of a wide variety of species and genuses throughout the planet earth. Amongst the conditions that exists, they are present in water. As a general rule, water is a great environment for bacteria to exist. It has a low melting point yet high boiling point, allowing bacteria to keep constantly moist and preventing from dehydrating. Water also has the ability to evaporate at a consistent rate, and therefore regulates itself from overheating. Nutrients are also able to exist in an environment that allows for easier absorption for bacteria since its density and surface tension allows nutrients to travel easier via diffusion and osmosis.

Aim
To find the effects of temperature and water composition to the initial bacterial amount and their growth rate.

Overall research question:
What are the effects of temperature in water on bacterial development?

BIOLOGY and PHYSICS
=Bacteria enduring=

Research question:
Using different samples of water (tap, toilet and mineral water), after being heated to three levels what creates the best environment for bacteria to grow?

Hypothesis:
We as a group believe that mineral water at room temperature will provide the best environment for bacteria to grow in, mostly because mineral water as its name suggests contains nutrients that bacteria can use to replicate itself, room temperature because bacteria tends to grow best in environments that are close to temperatures 37 degress celcius, much like human body temperature.

Vairables:

 * ===Independent===
 * Different types of water in correspondence to the different environments that bacteria resides in. The samples will be from mineral drinking water, toilet water and tap water from the lab itself, each a distinct from each other due to the environment around them.
 * The specific temperature each beaker of water filled with water is heated up to (25, 35 then 80 degrees respectively)
 * ===Dependent===
 * The number of colonies that develop when the bacteria is incubated. This will indicate the suitablility of the overall environment that the bacteria exists in.
 * ===Controlled===
 * The amount of water to be used for heating (50 ml), so that the heating process would more or less be consistent (the larger the volume, the longer it takes to to heat up)
 * The amount of water to be inserted to the pietry dishes (approximately 1 ml)
 * The amount of agar needed to be created for the petri dishes, so that no two dishes have more nutrients than the other
 * The temperature of the incubator must be 37 degrees

Apparatus:

 * 50ml worth of Tap, Toilet and Mineral water
 * 9 100ml beakers
 * 1 1000ml beaker
 * 1 600 ml beaker
 * 1 Micropippette
 * 9 petri dishes
 * Alcohol-based bunsen burner
 * Mass scale
 * Heater and spinner
 * 30grams of agar powder
 * 300ml of distilled water
 * 1 magnet
 * 1 Incubator
 * Distilation distilling apparatus

Method:

 * Collect Water samples and petri dishes
 * Distill petri dishes inside Distillation distilliting appartus, wait for it to reach 128 degress, then wait
 * In the meant time, begin preparation of agar
 * Collect 30grams of agar powder, and 300ml of distilled water
 * Pour agar into 1000ml beaker and add the 300ml of water, mix well, then transfer to 600ml beaker
 * Put beaker onto a heater and spinner, and then wait until it boils
 * Once finished, transfer it into 600ml container, wait for it to cool down until 40 degrees
 * Put it to Distilling distilling apparatus, then wait
 * Once done, begin filling petri dishes with water (change the temperature for every set)
 * Make sure water for next trials is heated beforehand to exact temperature needed, via beaker onto a hater, and measure with thermometer
 * Once done, and agar is cooled after distilation, add amounts of agar onto each dish, make sure they are of an even amount
 * Wait for agar to harden
 * Once hardened, place them into the incubator

Observation of samples after 21 hours:
Batch 1 (25 degrees):
 * **Type of Water** || **Amount of colonies** ||
 * Mineral Water || 156 + 328 smaller colonies (584 in total) ||
 * Toilet Water || 52 ||
 * Tap Water || 42 (large in size) ||

Batch 2 (40 degrees):
 * **Type of Water** || **Amount** ||
 * Mineral Water || 345 + 177 smaller ones (622 in total) ||
 * Toilet Water || 4 ||
 * Tap Water || 3 ||

Batch 3 (80 degrees):
 * **Type of Water** || **Amount of colonies** ||
 * Mineral Water || 0 ||
 * Toilet Water || 128 colonies (of different species) ||
 * Tap Water || 0 ||

Observations after 27 hours
Batch 1 (25 degrees)
 * **Type of Water** || **Amount of colonies** ||
 * Mineral Water || 221 + 350 miniscule (571 in total) ||
 * Toilet Water || 129 ||
 * Tap Water || 5 (engulfed) ||

Batch 2 (45 degrees)
 * **Type of Water** || **Amount of colonies** ||
 * Mineral Water || 356 + 238 miniscule (594 in total) ||
 * Toilet Water || 21 ||
 * Tap Water || 4 (engulfing) ||

Batch 3 (80 degrees)
 * **Type of Water** || **Amount of colonies** ||
 * Mineral Water || 4 ||
 * Toilet Water || 4 (engulfed, unidentifiable for individual colonies) ||
 * Tap Water || 12 ||
 * Processed Data**



**Data Analysis** From the data we as a group have collected, it appears in terms of visible colonies generated, mineral water tends to have the greatest amount on average, especially in 25 and 45 degrees. The amount is significantly reduced however, by the time the temperature reaches 80 degrees. Bacteria in toilet water however, grows at its greatest at 80 degrees a stark contrast to the others. In spite of this, each bacteria seems to grow differently from the rest, so when a colony becomes developed enough, it may as though it absorbed other colonies, as is the case of Toilet covering 128 during 21 hrs colonies into just 4 in 27. As a general rule, bacteria seems to grow best at temperatures nearest to human body temperature (that is 37 degrees) or just slightly warmer.

When the water is heated up to 80°C, there would be more kinetic energy, meaning that the molecules would move faster. It is possible that the movement of the water molecules would interrupt the osmosis and diffusion process, thus making the bacteria unable to take in the nutrients from the agar. This theory may not be applicable to the bacteria in toilet water due to the fact that its' growth rate had increased at that high temperature. The species of bacteria that resides in toilet water appears to thrive from the heat and the movement of the water molecules.

**PHYSICS**
=The Effect of Temperature on Water's Properties=

Research question:
How does temperature effect waters overall structural integrity and what how long does it take for it to reach a target temperature?

Hypothesis:
Our group 4 team believes that mineral water will take the longest to heat up to its target temperature due to the fact that because it contains minerals it would most likely be the one that has more molecules within it, and therefore take longer to heat up.

Variables:

 * **Independent**
 * The type of water used for heating will be changed from mineral, tap and toilet water
 * The target temperature to be measured will be changed after each successive batch
 * **Dependent**
 * The amount of time required for the water to reach its target temperature
 * **Controlled**
 * The amount of water to be used for each beaker (that is 50ml), this is so that each successive batch will be more consistent with one another during the heating process
 * The thermometer will be suspended by using a ritord bar and a clamp so that no additional movement will affect the temperature readings
 * The heater will always have a set temperature to heat the water (236 degrees celsius)

Apparatus

 * 9 100ml beakers
 * 9 50ml samples of water (3 samples from mineral, tap and toilet water each)
 * 1 ritord bar
 * 1 clamp
 * 1 thermometer
 * 1 heater
 * Pippetes
 * Stopwatch

Method

 * Collect samples using a]different pippetes then pour them into beakers
 * Place 1 beaker onto heater, set temperature for heating
 * Suspend thermometer using clamp and ritord bar, make sure that thermometer's end is firmly inside beaker
 * Wait until the water reaches its targeted temperature then remove, time using stopwatch
 * Repeat for all samples, changing target temperature as 1 batch of toilet, mineral and tap water has already been heated

Raw data
Batch 1: (25 degrees Celsius)
 * **Type of Water** || **Length of Time to Reach Target Temperature (to the nearest minute)** ||
 * Mineral Water || 0 ||
 * Toilet Water || 0 ||
 * Tap Water || 0 ||

Batch 2: (40 degrees Celsius)
 * **Type of Water** || **Length of Time to Reach Target Temperature (to the nearest minute)** ||
 * Mineral Water || 4 ||
 * Toilet Water || 6 ||
 * Tap Water || 5 ||

Batch 3: (80 degrees Celsius)
 * **Type of Water** || **Length of Time to Reach Target Temperature (to the nearest minute)** ||
 * Mineral Water || 9 ||
 * Toilet Water || 12 ||
 * Tap Water || 10 ||

Data Analysis
By the data what we get from the experiment we found that it takes much more times to increase water into higher temperature(80') than lower temperature(40'). Especially toilet water, it takes more time than the other types of water. Also, from this data, we found that mineral water has less molecule than the others. Because from the result that mineral water need lowest time to reach target temperature, we can conclude that mineral water has less molecule than the other.


 * Conclusion**

Mineral water's bacteria had shown the largest growth rate after a period of time compared to the others. Bacteria in mineral and tap water grows best at a temperature closest to 37°C whereas the the growth rate of the bacteria in toilet water increases the most at 80°C. Tap and mineral water are more sterile at 80°C due to the movement of the molecules of the water when heated being too much to handle for the bacteria itself, as well as the fact that the bacteria itself cannot survive in temperatures like those before disentegrating itself.


 * Evaluation**

This experiment could have been conducted better if there was more preparation. The preparation of the agar and sterilization of petri dishes could have been done the day before as to save time on the actual experiment day. We could also have been more careful in handling the tools in order not to contaminate it. At one point of the experiment, we had once opened the petri dish too widely and it might cause bacteria to enter that is not from the water we are investigating.

====Our experiment is meant to raise people's awareness, particularly Binus students, about thequality of the water that are available in Binus. By conducting this experiment, we are able to show people just how much bacteria the water contains. This experiment was also conducted in hopes that as the awareness towards the issue has been raised, the people with authority over this matter would be more attentive and concerned towards the sterilization of the water.====